We classify linear operators over the octonions and relate them to linear equations with octonionic coefficients and octonionic variables. Along the way, we also classify linear operators over the quaternions, and show how to relate quaternionic and octonionic operators to real matrices. In each case, we construct an explicit basis of linear operators that maps to the canonical (real) matrix basis; in contrast to the complex case, these maps are surjective. Since higher-order polynomials can be reduced to compositions of linear operators, our construction implies that the ring of polynomials in one variable over the octonions is isomorphic to the product of eight copies of the ring of real polynomials in eight variables.