Abstract
Besides the inferential errors that abound in the interpretation of $p$-values, the probabilistic pre-conditions (i.e. random sampling or equivalent) for using them at all are not often met by observational studies in the social sciences. This paper systematizes different sampling designs and discusses the restrictive requirements of data collection that are the indispensable prerequisite for using $p$-values.
Citation
Norbert Hirschauer. Sven Grüner. Oliver Mußhoff. Claudia Becker. Antje Jantsch. "Can $p$-values be meaningfully interpreted without random sampling?." Statist. Surv. 14 71 - 91, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1214/20-SS129
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