The Annals of Statistics

Slice sampling

Radford M. Neal

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Abstract

Markov chain sampling methods that adapt to characteristics of the distribution being sampled can be constructed using the principle that one can ample from a distribution by sampling uniformly from the region under the plot of its density function. A Markov chain that converges to this uniform distribution can be constructed by alternating uniform sampling in the vertical direction with uniform sampling from the horizontal "slice" defined by the current vertical position, or more generally, with some update that leaves the uniform distribution over this slice invariant. Such "slice sampling" methods are easily implemented for univariate distributions, and can be used to sample from a multivariate distribution by updating each variable in turn. This approach is often easier to implement than Gibbs sampling and more efficient than simple Metropolis updates, due to the ability of slice sampling to adaptively choose the magnitude of changes made. It is therefore attractive for routine and automated use. Slice sampling methods that update all variables simultaneously are also possible. These methods can adaptively choose the magnitudes of changes made to each variable, based on the local properties of the density function. More ambitiously, such methods could potentially adapt to the dependencies between variables by constructing local quadratic approximations. Another approach is to improve sampling efficiency by suppressing random walks. This can be done for univariate slice sampling by "overrelaxation," and for multivariate slice sampling by "reflection" from the edges of the slice.

Article information

Source
Ann. Statist. Volume 31, Number 3 (2003), 705-767.

Dates
First available in Project Euclid: 25 June 2003

Permanent link to this document
https://projecteuclid.org/euclid.aos/1056562461

Digital Object Identifier
doi:10.1214/aos/1056562461

Mathematical Reviews number (MathSciNet)
MR1994729

Zentralblatt MATH identifier
1051.65007

Subjects
Primary: 65C60: Computational problems in statistics 65C05: Monte Carlo methods

Keywords
Markov chain Monte Carlo auxiliary variables adaptive methods Gibbs sampling Metropolis algorithm overrelaxation dynamical methods

Citation

Neal, Radford M. Slice sampling. Ann. Statist. 31 (2003), no. 3, 705--767. doi:10.1214/aos/1056562461. https://projecteuclid.org/euclid.aos/1056562461.


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  • and Schmeiser (1998). For single-variable slice sampling, the variation of slice sampling proposed by Neal operates analogously to Gibbs sampling in the sense that to obtain the next point x1, y is generated from the conditional distribution [y|x0] given the current point x0 and then x1 is drawn from [x|y]. Both [y|x0] and [x|y] are uniform distributions. Since the closed form of the support of [x|y] is not available, sampling directly from [x|y] is not possible. A clever development is Neal's sophisticated (but relatively expensive) sampling procedure to generate x1 from the "slice" S = x : y < f (x). In Chen and Schmeiser (1998), we proposed random-direction interior point (RDIP), a general sampler designed to be "black box" in the sense that the user need not tune the sampler to the problem. RDIP samples from the uniform distribution defined over the region U below the curve of the surface defined by f (x). Both slice sampling and RDIP require evaluations of f (x). Slice sampling, however, can be more expensive than RDIP because slice sampling requires evaluating f (x) more than once per iteration. The intention of RDIP's design is to use as much free information as possible. For the high-dimensional case, the hy perrectangle idea in slice sampling could be inefficient. For example, suppose f (x) is the bivariate normal density with a high correlation. Then, the hy perrectangle idea essentially mimics the Gibbs sampler, which suffers slow convergence; see Chen and Schmeiser (1993) for a detailed discussion. Aligning the hy perrectangle (or ellipses) to the shape of f (x), along the lines of Kaufman and Smith (1998), seems like a good idea. As Neal mentions, the computational efficiency of our "black-box" sampler RDIP depends on the normalization constant. Our goal was to be automatic and reasonably efficient, rather than to tune the sampler to the problem. If, however,
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  • which appear in Damien, Wakefield and Walker (1999). I took Neal's example in Section 8 and used a many-variable slice sampler on it. In fact I took a latent variable for each data point, the idea criticized by Neal. The overall joint density is given by
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    Digital Object Identifier: doi:10.1111/1467-9868.00179
    JSTOR: links.jstor.org
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    Digital Object Identifier: doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.38.2009
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    Mathematical Reviews (MathSciNet): MR1872218
    Zentralblatt MATH: 1099.60508
    JSTOR: links.jstor.org
  • MIRA, A. (1998). Ordering, splicing and splitting Monte Carlo Markov chains. Ph.D. dissertation, School of Statistics, Univ. Minnesota.
  • NEAL, R. M. (1997). Markov chain Monte Carlo methods based on "slicing" the density function. Technical Report 9722, Dept. Statistics, Univ. Toronto.
  • ROBERTS, G. O. and ROSENTHAL, J. S. (2002). The polar slice sampler. Stoch. Models 18 257-280.
    Zentralblatt MATH: 1006.65004
    Mathematical Reviews (MathSciNet): MR1904830
    Digital Object Identifier: doi:10.1081/STM-120004467
  • TIERNEY, L. and MIRA, A. (1999). Some adaptive Monte Carlo methods for Bayesian inference. Statistics in Medicine 18 2507-2515.
  • TORONTO, ONTARIO CANADA M5S 3G3 E-MAIL: radford@stat.utoronto.ca

See also

  • Includes: Ming-Hui Chen, Bruce W. Schmeiser. Discussion.
  • Includes: Oliver B. Downs. Discussion.
  • Includes: Antonietta Mira, Gareth O. Roberts. Discussion.
  • Includes: John Skilling, David J. C. MacKay. Discussion.
  • Includes: S. G. Walker. Discussion.
  • Includes: Radford M. Neal. Rejoinder.

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