From a given standard pentad, we can construct a finite or infinite-dimensional graded Lie algebra. In this paper, we will define standard pentads which are analogues of Cartan subalgebras, and moreover, we will study graded Lie algebras corresponding to these standard pentads. We call such pentads pentads of Cartan type and describe them by two positive integers and three matrices. Using pentads of Cartan type, we can obtain arbitrary contragredient Lie algebras with an invertible symmetrizable Cartan matrix. Moreover, we can use pentads of Cartan type in order to find the structure of a Lie algebra. When a given standard pentad consists of a finite-dimensional reductive Lie algebra, its finite-dimensional completely reducible representation and a symmetric bilinear form, we can find the structure of its corresponding Lie algebra under some assumptions.

We show that the ring of the weight enumerators of a self-dual doubly even code $d_n^+$ in arbitrary genus is finitely generated. Indeed enough elements to generate it are given. The latter result is applied to obtain a minimal set of generators of the ring in genus two.

We construct constant negative Gaussian curvature tori with one family of planar curvature lines in Euclidean 3-space. We show that these tori are wave fronts. The singularities of these tori are studied.

We introduce an associated version of the binomial inversion for unified Stirling numbers defined by Hsu and Shiue. This naturally appears when we count the number of subspaces generated by subsets of a root system. We count such subspaces of any dimension by using associated unified Stirling numbers, and then we will also give a combinatorial interpretation of our inversion formula. In particular, the well-known explicit formula for classical Stirling numbers of the second kind can be understood as a special case of our formula.