Statisticians know that one-parameter exponential families have very nice properties for estimation, testing, and other inference problems. Fundamentally this is because they can be considered to be "straight lines" through the space of all possible probability distributions on the sample space. We consider arbitrary one-parameter families $\mathscr{F}$ and try to quantify how nearly "exponential" they are. A quantity called "the statistical curvature of $\mathscr{F}$" is introduced. Statistical curvature is identically zero for exponential families, positive for nonexponential families. Our purpose is to show that families with small curvature enjoy the good properties of exponential families. Large curvature indicates a breakdown of these properties. Statistical curvature turns out to be closely related to Fisher and Rao's theory of second order efficiency.