Two-sided heat kernel estimates for Schrödinger operators with unbounded potentials

Abstract

Consider the Schrödinger operator ${\mathcal{L}}^{\mathit{V}}=-\mathrm{\Delta }\mathbf{+}\mathit{V}$ on ${\mathbb{R}}^{\mathit{d}}$, where $\mathit{V}:{\mathbb{R}}^{\mathit{d}}\to [0,\infty )$ is a nonnegative and locally bounded potential on ${\mathbb{R}}^{\mathit{d}}$ so that for all $\mathit{x}\in {\mathbb{R}}^{\mathit{d}}$ with $|\mathit{x}|\ge 1$, ${\mathit{c}}_1\mathit{g}(|\mathit{x}|)\le \mathit{V}(\mathit{x})\le {\mathit{c}}_2\mathit{g}(|\mathit{x}|)$ with some constants ${\mathit{c}}_1,{\mathit{c}}_2>0$ and a nondecreasing and strictly positive function $\mathit{g}:[0,\infty )\to [1,\mathbf{+}\infty )$ that satisfies $\mathit{g}(2\mathit{r})\le {\mathit{c}}_0\mathit{g}(\mathit{r})$ for all $\mathit{r}>0$ and ${lim}_{\mathit{r}\to \infty }\mathit{g}(\mathit{r})=\infty$. We establish global in time and qualitatively sharp bounds for the heat kernel of the associated Schrödinger semigroup by the probabilistic method. In particular, we can present global in space and time two-sided bounds of heat kernel even when the Schrödinger semigroup is not intrinsically ultracontractive. Furthermore, two-sided estimates for the corresponding Green’s function are also obtained.