In the study of local regularity of weak solutions to systems related to incompressible viscous fluids local energy estimates serve as important ingredients. However, this requires certain information on the pressure. This fact has been used by V. Scheffer in the notion of a suitable weak solution to the Navier-Stokes equations, and in the proof of the partial regularity due to Caffarelli, Kohn and Nirenberg. In general domains, or in case of complex viscous fluid models a global pressure does not necessarily exist. To overcome this problem, in the present paper we construct a local pressure distribution by showing that every distribution $ \partial _t \boldsymbol u +\boldsymbol F $, which vanishes on the set of smooth solenoidal vector fields can be represented by a distribution $ \partial _t \nabla p_h +\nabla p_0 $, where $\nabla p_h \sim \boldsymbol u $ and $ \nabla p_0 \sim \boldsymbol F$.

In this paper, well-posedness in $C^1(\mathbb R)$ (a.k.a. classical solutions) for a generalized Camassa-Holm equation (g-$k$$b$CH) having $(k+1)$-degree nonlinearities is shown. This result holds for the Camassa-Holm, the Degasperis-Procesi and the Novikov equations, which improves upon earlier results in Sobolev and Besov spaces.

In this paper, we investigate the Cauchy problem for the shallow water type equation \begin{align*} u_{t}+\partial_{x}^{3}u + \tfrac{1}{2}\partial_{x}(u^{2})+\partial_{x} (1-\partial_{x}^{2})^{-1}\left[u^{2}+\tfrac{1}{2} u_{x}^{2}\right]=0, \ \ x\in {\mathbf T}={\mathbf R}/2\pi \lambda, \end{align*} with low regularity data and $\lambda\geq1$. By applying the bilinear estimate in $W^{s}$, Himonas and Misiołek (Commun. Partial Diff. Eqns., 23 (1998), 123-139) proved that the problem is locally well-posed in $H^{s}([0, 2\pi))$ with $s\geq {1}/{2}$ for small initial data. In this paper, we show that, when $s < {1}/{2}$, the bilinear estimate in $W^{s}$ is invalid. We also demonstrate that the bilinear estimate in $Z^{s}$ is indeed valid for ${1}/{6} < s < {1}/{2}$. This enables us to prove that the problem is locally well-posed in $H^{s}(\mathbf{T})$ with ${1}/{6} < s < {1}/{2}$ for small initial data.

The aim of this paper consists on the study of the following fourth-order operator: \begin{equation*} T[M]\,u(t)\equiv u^{(4)}(t)+p_1(t)u'''(t)+p_2(t)u''(t)+Mu(t),\ t\in I \equiv [a,b] , \end{equation*} coupled with the two point boundary conditions: \begin{equation*} u(a)=u(b)=u''(a)=u''(b)=0 . \end{equation*} So, we define the following space: \begin{equation*} X=\left\lbrace u\in C^4(I) : u(a)=u(b)=u''(a)=u''(b)=0 \right\rbrace . \end{equation*} Here, $p_1\in C^3(I)$ and $p_2\in C^2(I)$. By assuming that the second order linear differential equation \begin{equation*} L_2\, u(t)\equiv u''(t)+p_1(t)\,u'(t)+p_2(t)\,u(t)=0\,,\quad t\in I, \end{equation*} is disconjugate on $I$, we characterize the parameter's set where the Green's function related to operator $T[M]$ in $X$ is of constant sign on $I \times I$. Such a characterization is equivalent to the strongly inverse positive (negative) character of operator $T[M]$ on $X$ and comes from the first eigenvalues of operator $T[0]$ on suitable spaces.