Distributive laws between two monads in a 2-category $\mathscr K$, as defined by Jon Beck in the case $\mathscr{K} = \mathrm{Cat}$, were pointed out by the author to be monads in a 2-category $\mathrm{Mnd}\mathscr{K}$ of monads. Steve Lack and the author defined wreaths to be monads in a 2-category $\mathrm{EM}\mathscr{K}$ of monads with different 2-cells from $\mathrm{Mnd}\mathscr{K}$.

Mixed distributive laws were also considered by Jon Beck, Mike Barr and, later, various others; they are comonads in $\mathrm{Mnd}\mathscr{K}$. Actually, as pointed out by John Power and Hiroshi Watanabe, there are a number of dual possibilities for mixed distributive laws.

It is natural then to consider mixed wreaths as we do in this article; they are comonads in $\mathrm{EM}\mathscr{K}$. There are also mixed opwreaths: comonads in the Kleisli construction completion $\mathrm{Kl}\mathscr{K}$ of $\mathscr{K}$. The main example studied here arises from a twisted coaction of a bimonoid on a monoid. A wreath determines a monad structure on the composite of the two endomorphisms involved; this monad is called the wreath product. For mixed wreaths, corresponding to this wreath product, is a convolution operation analogous to the convolution monoid structure on the set of morphisms from a comonoid to a monoid. In fact, wreath convolution is composition in a Kleisli-like construction. Walter Moreira’s Heisenberg product of linear endomorphisms on a Hopf algebra, is an example of such convolution, actually involving merely a mixed distributive law. Monoidality of the Kleisli-like construction is also discussed.

After reviewing a universal characterization of the extended positive real numbers published by Denis Higgs in 1978, we define a category which provides an answer to the questions:

• what is a set with half an element?

• what is a set with $\pi$ elements?

The category of these extended positive real sets is equipped with a countable tensor product. We develop somewhat the theory of categories with countable tensors; we call the commutative such categories series monoidal and conclude by only briefly mentioning the non-commutative possibility called $\omega$-monoidal. We include some remarks on sets having cardinalities in $[−\infty, \infty]$.

Given an additive equational category with a closed symmetric monoidal structure and a potential dualizing object, we find sufficient conditions that the category of topological objects over that category has a good notion of full subcategories of strong and weakly topologized objects and show that each is equivalent to the chu category of the original category with respect to the dualizing object.

We give an account of bundle-functors and star-bundle-functors (known from differential geometry) in terms of fibered categories.

Hilsum-Skandalis maps, from differential geometry, are studied in the context of a cartesian category. It is shown that Hilsum-Skandalis maps can be represented as stably Frobenius adjunctions. This leads to a new and more general proof that Hilsum-Skandalis maps represent a universal way of inverting essential equivalences between internal groupoids.

To prove the representation theorem, a new characterisation of the connected components adjunction of any internal groupoid is given. The characterisation is that the adjunction is covered by a stable Frobenius adjunction that is a slice and whose right adjoint is monadic. Geometric morphisms can be represented as stably Frobenius adjunctions. As applications of the study we show how it is easy to recover properties of geometric morphisms, seeing them as aspects of properties of stably Frobenius adjunctions.

We investigate the algebras for the double-power monad on the Sierpisnki space in the category $\mathcal{Equ}$ of equilogical spaces, a cartesian closed extension of $\mathcal{Top}_0$ introduced by Scott, and the relationship of such algebras with frames. In particular, we focus our attention on interesting subcategories of $\mathcal{Equ}$. We prove uniqueness of the algebraic structure for a large class of equilogical spaces, and we characterize the algebras for the double-power monad in the category of algebraic lattices and in the category of continuous lattices, seen as full subcategories of $\mathcal{Equ}$.

We also analyse the case of algebras in the category $\mathcal{Top}_0$ of $\mathrm{T}_0$-spaces, again seen as a full subcategoy of $\mathcal{Equ}$, proving that each algebra for the double-power monad in $\mathcal{Top}_0$ has an underlying sober, compact, connected space.

Triposes were introduced as presentations of toposes by J.M.E. Hyland, P.T. Johnstone and A.M. Pitts. They introduced a construction that, from a tripos $P:\mathcal{C}^\mathrm{op} \rightarrow \mathbf{Pos}$, produces an elementary topos $\mathcal{T}_P$ in such a way that the fibration of the subobjects of the topos $\mathcal{T}_P$ is freely obtained from $P$. One can also construct the “smallest” elementary doctrine made of subobjects which fully extends $P$, more precisely the free full comprehensive doctrine with comprehensive diagonals $P_\mathrm{cx}:\mathcal{Prd}_P\,^\mathrm{op}\rightarrow \mathbf{Pos}$ on $P$. The base category has finite limits and embeds into the topos $\mathcal{T}_P$ via a functor $K:\mathcal{Prd}_P \rightarrow \mathcal{T}_P$ determined by the universal property of $P_\mathrm{cx}$ and which preserves finite limits. Hence it extends to an exact functor $K^\mathrm{ex}:(\mathcal{Prd}_{P})_\mathrm{ex/lex} \rightarrow \mathcal{T}_P$ from the exact completion of $\mathcal{Prd}_P$.

We characterize the triposes $P$ for which the functor $K^\mathrm{ex}$ is an equivalence as those $P$ equipped with a so-called $\varepsilon$-operator. We also show that the tripos-to-topos construction need not preserve $\varepsilon$-operators by producing counterexamples from localic triposes constructed from well-ordered sets.

A characterization of the tripos-to-topos construction as a completion to an exact category is instrumental for the results in the paper and we derived it as a consequence of a more general characterization of an exact completion related to Lawvere's hyperdoctrines.

Lawvere's fixed point theorem captures the essence of diagonalization arguments. Cantor's theorem, Gödel's incompleteness theorem, and Tarski's undefinability of truth are all instances of the contrapositive form of the theorem. It is harder to apply the theorem directly because non-trivial examples are not easily found, in fact, none exist if excluded middle holds.

We study Lawvere's fixed-point theorem in synthetic computability, which is higher-order intuitionistic logic augmented with the Axiom of Countable Choice, Markov's principle, and the Enumeration axiom, which states that there are countably many countable subsets of $\mathbb{N}$. These extra-logical principles are valid in the effective topos, as well as in any realizability topos built over Turing machines with an oracle, and suffice for an abstract axiomatic development of a computability theory.

We show that every countably generated $\omega$-chain complete pointed partial order ($\omega$cppo) is countable, and that countably generated $\omega$cppos are closed under countable products. Therefore, Lawvere's fixed-point theorem applies and we obtain fixed points of all endomaps on countably generated $\omega$cppos. Similarly, the Knaster-Tarski theorem guarantees existence of least fixed points of continuous endomaps. To get the best of both theorems, namely that all endomaps on domains ($\omega$cppos generated by a countable set of compact elements) have least fixed points, we prove a synthetic version of the Myhill-Shepherdson theorem: every map from an $\omega$cpo to a domain is continuous. The proof relies on a new fixed-point theorem, the synthetic Recursion Theorem, so called because it subsumes the classic Kleene-Rogers Recursion Theorem. The Recursion Theorem takes the form of Lawvere's fixed point theorem for multi-valued endomaps.

We study a construction suggested by Lawvere to rationalize, within a generalization of Axiomatic Cohesion, the classical construction of $\pi_0$ as the image of a natural map to a product of discrete spaces. A particular case of this construction produces, out of a local and hyperconnected geometric morphism $p : \mathcal{E} \rightarrow \mathcal{S}$, an idempotent monad $\pi_0 : \mathcal{E} \rightarrow \mathcal{E}$ such that, for every $X$ in $\mathcal{E}$, $\pi_{0}X = 1$ if and only if $(p^*\Omega)^! : (p^*\Omega)^1 \rightarrow (p^*\Omega)^X$ is an isomorphism. For instance, if $\mathcal{E}$ is the topological topos (over $\mathcal{S} = Set$), the $\pi_0$-algebras coincide with the totally separated (sequential) spaces. To illustrate the connection with classical topology we show that the $\pi_0$-algebras in the category of compactly generated Hausdorff spaces are exactly the totally separated ones. Also, in order to relate the construction above with the axioms for Cohesion we prove that, for a local and hyperconnected $p : \mathcal{E} \rightarrow \mathcal{S}$, $p$ is pre-cohesive if and only if $p^* : \mathcal{S} \rightarrow \mathcal{E}$ is cartesian closed. In this case, $p_! = p_* \pi_0 : \mathcal{E} \rightarrow \mathcal{S}$ and the category of $\pi_0$-algebras coincides with the subcategory $p^* : \mathcal{S} \rightarrow \mathcal{E}$.

We study the notion of modified realizability topos over an arbitrary Schönfinkel algebra. In particular we show that such toposes are induced by subsets of the algebra which we call right pseudo-ideals, and which generalize the right ideals (or right absorbing sets) previously considered. We also investigate the notion of compatibility with right pseudo-ideals which ensures that quasi-surjective (applicative) morphisms of Schönfinkel algebras yield geometric morphisms between these toposes.

The paper proposes the notions of topological platform and quantalic topological theory for the presentation and investigation of categories of interest beyond the realm of algebra. These notions are nevertheless grounded in algebra, through the notions of monad and distributive law. The paper shows how they entail previously proposed concepts with similar goals.

We consider an extant infinitary variant of Lawvere's finitary definition of extensivity of a category $\mathcal V$. In the presence of cartesian closedness and finite limits in $\mathcal V$, we give two characterisations of the condition in terms of a biequivalence between the bicategory of matrices over $\mathcal V$ and the bicategory of spans over discrete objects in $\mathcal V$. Using the condition, we prove that $\mathcal{V}﹣\mathrm{Cat}$ and the category $\mathrm{Cat}_\mathrm{d}(\mathcal{V})$ of internal categories in $\mathcal V$ with a discrete object of objects are equivalent. Our leading example has $\mathcal{V} = \mathrm{Cat}$, making $\mathcal{V}﹣\mathrm{Cat}$ the category of all small 2-categories and $\mathrm{Cat}_\mathrm{d}(\mathcal{V})$ the category of small double categories with discrete category of objects. We further show that if $\mathcal V$ is extensive, then so are $\mathcal{V}﹣\mathrm{Cat}$ and $\mathrm{Cat}(\mathcal{V})$, allowing the process to iterate.

We establish a correspondence between consistent comprehension schemes and complete orthogonal factorisation systems. The comprehensive factorisation of a functor between small categories arises in this way. Similar factorisation systems exist for the categories of topological spaces, simplicial sets, small multicategories and Feynman categories. In each case comprehensive factorisation induces a natural notion of universal covering, leading to a Galois-type definition of fundamental group for based objects of the category.

This is a survey of results concerning the algebraic hulls of two 2-categories: $\mathbf{VAR}$, the 2- category of finitary varieties, and $\mathbf{LFP}$, the 2-category of locally finitely presentable categories.

We consider discrete enriched abstract clones and provide two constructions investigating their representation as discrete enriched clones of operations on objects in concrete enriched categories over the enriching category. Our first construction embeds a discrete enriched abstract clone into the concrete discrete enriched clone of operations on an object in the enriching category. Our second construction refines the given embedding by introducing a monoid action and restricting attention to the concrete discrete enriched clone of its equivariant operations. As in the classical theory of abstract clones, our main focus is on discrete enriched abstract clones with finite arities. However, we also consider discrete enriched abstract clones with countable arities to show that the representation theory of the former is conceptually explained by that of the latter.