Abstract
A pointwise definable model is one in which every object is definable without parameters. In a model of set theory, this property strengthens $V =$ HOD, but is not first-order expressible. Nevertheless, if ZFC is consistent, then there are continuum many pointwise definable models of ZFC. If there is a transitive model of ZFC, then there are continuum many pointwise definable transitive models of ZFC. What is more, every countable model of ZFC has a class forcing extension that is pointwise definable. Indeed, for the main contribution of this article, every countable model of Gödel-Bernays set theory has a pointwise definable extension, in which every set and class is first-order definable without parameters.
Citation
Joel David Hamkins. David Linetsky. Jonas Reitz. "Pointwise definable models of set theory." J. Symbolic Logic 78 (1) 139 - 156, March 2013. https://doi.org/10.2178/jsl.7801090
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