Limits of multiplicative inhomogeneous random graphs and Lévy trees: The continuum graphs

Abstract

Motivated by limits of critical inhomogeneous random graphs, we construct a family of measured metric spaces that we call continuous multiplicative graphs, that are expected to be the universal limit of graphs related to the multiplicative coalescent (the Erdős–Rényi random graph, more generally the so-called rank-one inhomogeneous random graphs of various types, and the configuration model). At the discrete level, the construction relies on a new point of view on (discrete) inhomogeneous random graphs that involves an embedding into a Galton–Watson forest. The new representation allows us to demonstrate that a process that was already present in the pioneering work of Aldous [Ann. Probab. 25 (1997) 812–854] and Aldous and Limic [Electron. J. Probab. 3 (1998) 1–59] about the multiplicative coalescent actually also essentially encodes the limiting metric. The discrete embedding of random graphs into a Galton–Watson forest is paralleled by an embedding of the encoding process into a Lévy process which is crucial in proving the very existence of the local time functionals on which the metric is based; it also yields a transparent approach to compactness and fractal dimensions of the continuous objects. In a companion paper, we show that the continuous multiplicative graphs are indeed the scaling limit of inhomogeneous random graphs.