The Annals of Probability
- Ann. Probab.
- Volume 39, Number 6 (2011), 2119-2177.
The simple harmonic urn
Edward Crane, Nicholas Georgiou, Stanislav Volkov, Andrew R. Wade, and Robert J. Waters
Abstract
We study a generalized Pólya urn model with two types of ball. If the drawn ball is red, it is replaced together with a black ball, but if the drawn ball is black it is replaced and a red ball is thrown out of the urn. When only black balls remain, the roles of the colors are swapped and the process restarts. We prove that the resulting Markov chain is transient but that if we throw out a ball every time the colors swap, the process is recurrent. We show that the embedded process obtained by observing the number of balls in the urn at the swapping times has a scaling limit that is essentially the square of a Bessel diffusion. We consider an oriented percolation model naturally associated with the urn process, and obtain detailed information about its structure, showing that the open subgraph is an infinite tree with a single end. We also study a natural continuous-time embedding of the urn process that demonstrates the relation to the simple harmonic oscillator; in this setting, our transience result addresses an open problem in the recurrence theory of two-dimensional linear birth and death processes due to Kesten and Hutton. We obtain results on the area swept out by the process. We make use of connections between the urn process and birth–death processes, a uniform renewal process, the Eulerian numbers, and Lamperti’s problem on processes with asymptotically small drifts; we prove some new results on some of these classical objects that may be of independent interest. For instance, we give sharp new asymptotics for the first two moments of the counting function of the uniform renewal process. Finally, we discuss some related models of independent interest, including a “Poisson earthquakes” Markov chain on the homeomorphisms of the plane.
Article information
Source
Ann. Probab. Volume 39, Number 6 (2011), 2119-2177.
Dates
First available in Project Euclid: 17 November 2011
Permanent link to this document
https://projecteuclid.org/euclid.aop/1321539118
Digital Object Identifier
doi:10.1214/10-AOP605
Mathematical Reviews number (MathSciNet)
MR2932666
Zentralblatt MATH identifier
1262.60070
Subjects
Primary: 60J10: Markov chains (discrete-time Markov processes on discrete state spaces)
Secondary: 60J25: Continuous-time Markov processes on general state spaces 60K05: Renewal theory 60K35: Interacting random processes; statistical mechanics type models; percolation theory [See also 82B43, 82C43]
Keywords
Urn model recurrence classification oriented percolation uniform renewal process two-dimensional linear birth and death process Bessel process coupling Eulerian numbers
Citation
Crane, Edward; Georgiou, Nicholas; Volkov, Stanislav; Wade, Andrew R.; Waters, Robert J. The simple harmonic urn. Ann. Probab. 39 (2011), no. 6, 2119--2177. doi:10.1214/10-AOP605. https://projecteuclid.org/euclid.aop/1321539118.
