## Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic

### Paraconsistency Everywhere

Greg Restall

#### Abstract

Paraconsistent logics are, by definition, inconsistency tolerant: In a paraconsistent logic, inconsistencies need not entail everything. However, there is more than one way a body of information can be inconsistent. In this paper I distinguish {contradictions} from {other inconsistencies}, and I show that several different logics are, in an important sense, "paraconsistent" in virtue of being inconsistency tolerant without thereby being contradiction tolerant. For example, even though no inconsistencies are tolerated by intuitionistic propositional logic, some inconsistencies are tolerated by intuitionistic predicate logic. In this way, intuitionistic predicate logic is, in a mild sense, paraconsistent. So too are orthologic and quantum propositional logic and other formal systems. Given this fact, a widespread view—that traditional paraconsistent logics are especially repugnant because they countenance inconsistencies—is undercut. Many well-understood nonclassical logics countenance inconsistencies as well.

#### Article information

Source
Notre Dame J. Formal Logic Volume 43, Number 3 (2002), 147-156.

Dates
First available in Project Euclid: 16 January 2004

http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.ndjfl/1074290713

Digital Object Identifier
doi:10.1305/ndjfl/1074290713

Mathematical Reviews number (MathSciNet)
MR2032580

Zentralblatt MATH identifier
1043.03021

#### Citation

Restall, Greg. Paraconsistency Everywhere. Notre Dame J. Formal Logic 43 (2002), no. 3, 147--156. doi:10.1305/ndjfl/1074290713. http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.ndjfl/1074290713.

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