The contributions of John W. Tukey to time series analysis, particularly spectrum analysis, are reviewed and discussed. The contributions include: methods, their properties, terminology, popularization, philosophy, applications and education. Much of Tukey's early work on spectrum analysis remained unpublished for many years, but the 1959 book by Blackman and Tukey made his approach accessible to a wide audience. In 1965 the Cooley-Tukey paper on the Fast Fourier Transform spurred a rapid change in signal processing. That year serves as a boundary between the two main parts of this article, a chronological review of JWT's contributions, decade by decade. The time series work of Tukey and others led to the appearance of kernel and nonparametric estimation in mainstream statistics and to the recognition of the consequent difficulties arising in naive uses of the techniques.
References
[1] BARTLETT, M. S. (1950). Periodogram analysis and continuous spectra. Biometrika 37 1-16.
Mathematical Reviews (MathSciNet):
MR12,35b
[2] BLACKMAN, R. B. (1965). Linear Data-Smoothing and Prediction in Theory and Practice. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.
[3] BLOOMFIELD, P., BRILLINGER, D. R., CLEVELAND, W. S. and TUKEY, J. W. (1979). The Practice of Spectrum Analy sis. Short Course offered by University Associates, Princeton.
[4] BRILLINGER, D. R. (1976). Some history of statistics in the United States. In On the History of Statistics and Probability: Proceedings of a Sy mposium on the American Mathematical Heritage (D. B. Owen, ed.) 267-280. Dekker, New York.
Mathematical Reviews (MathSciNet):
MR518597
[5] BRILLINGER, D. R. (2002). The life and professional contributions of John W. Tukey. Ann. Statist. 30 1535-1575.
[6] GOODMAN, N. R. (1957). On the joint estimation of the spectra, cospectrum and quadrature spectrum of a two-dimensional stationary Gaussian process. Ph.D. dissertation, Princeton Univ.
Mathematical Reviews (MathSciNet):
MR92334
[7] GRANGER, C. W. J. and HATANAKA, M. (1964). Spectral Analy sis of Economic Time Series. Princeton Univ. Press.
[8] KENDALL, M. G. and STUART, A. (1969). The Advanced Theory of Statistics 1. Hafner, New York.
[9] MALLOWS, C. M. and TUKEY, J. W. (1982). An overview of the techniques of data analysis, emphasizing its exploratory aspects. In Some Recent Advances in Statistics (J. Tiago de
Mathematical Reviews (MathSciNet):
MR773678
Oliveira et al., eds.) 111-172. Academic Press, London. [Also in CWJWT IV (1986).]
[10] NOLL, A. M. (1964). Short time spectrum and "cepstrum" techniques for vocal-pitch detection. Journal of the Accoustical Society of America 36 296-302.
[11] RASCH, G. (1960). Probabilistic Models for Some Intelligence and Attainment Tests. Nielsen and Ly diche, Copenhagen.
[12] ROBINSON, E. A. (1982). A historical perspective of spectrum estimation. Proc. IEEE 70 885- 907.
[13] THOMSON, D. J. (1977). Spectrum estimation techniques for characterization and development of the WT4 waveguide I, II. Bell Sy stem Tech. J. 56 1769-1815, 1983-2005.
[14] TUFTE, E. R. (1983). The Visual Display of Quantitative Information. Graphics Press, Cheshire, CT.
[15] TUKEY, J. W. (1962). The future of data analysis. Ann. Math. Statist. 33 1-67.
[16] TUKEY, J. W. (1977). Exploratory Data Analy sis. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.
[17] WADSWORTH, G. P., ROBINSON, E. A., BRy AN, J. G. and HURLEY, P. M. (1953). Detection of reflections on seismic records by linear operators. Geophysics 18 539-586.
[18] WIENER, N. (1930). Generalized harmonic analysis. Acta Math. 55 117-258.
[19] WIENER, N. (1949). Extrapolation, Interpolation, and Smoothing of Stationary Time Series, with Engineering Applications. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
[20] (1947). Linearization of solutions in supersonic flow. Quart. Appl. Math. 5 361-365. [Also in CWJWT VI (1990) 29-34.]
Mathematical Reviews (MathSciNet):
MR21790
[21] TUKEY, J. W. and HAMMING, R. H. (1949). Measuring noise color. [Also in CWJWT I (1984) 1-127.]
[22] (1950). The sampling theory of power spectrum estimates. In Sy mposium on Applications of Autocorrelation Analy sis to physical Problems 47-67. (NAVEXOS P-735) Office of Naval Research, Washington, DC. [Also in CWJWT I (1984) 129-160.]
[23] (1952). Review of "Extrapolation, Interpolation and Smoothing of Stationary Time Series with Engineering Applications," by Norbert Wiener. J. Amer. Statist. Assoc. 47 319-321. [Also in CWJWT I (1984) 161-164.]
[24] (1953). The spectral representation and transformation properties of the higher moments of stationary time series. [Also in CWJWT I (1984) 165-184.]
[25] PRESS, H. and TUKEY, J. W. (1956). Power spectral methods of analysis and their application to problems in airplane dy namics. In Flight Test Manual, NATO Advisory Group for Aeronautical Research and Development 1-41. [Also in CWJWT I (1984) 185-255.]
Mathematical Reviews (MathSciNet):
MR80430
[26] BLACKMAN, R. B. and TUKEY, J. W. (1958). The measurement of power spectra from the point of view of communications engineering, Part I. Bell Sy stem Tech. J. 37 185-282.
[27] BLACKMAN, R. B. and TUKEY, J. W. (1958). The measurement of power spectra from the point of view of communications engineering, Part II. Bell Sy stem Tech. J. 37 485-569.
Mathematical Reviews (MathSciNet):
MR102898
[28] BLACKMAN, R. B. and TUKEY, J. W. (1959). The Measurement of Power Spectra from the Point of View of Communications Engineering. Dover, New York.
[29] (1959). The estimation of (power) spectra and related quantities. In On Numerical Approximation (R. E. Langer, ed.) 389-411. Univ. Wisconsin Press, Madison. [Also in CWJWT I (1984) 279-307.]
Mathematical Reviews (MathSciNet):
MR102900
[30] (1959). Equalization and pulse shaping techniques applied to the determination of initial sense of Ray leigh waves. In The Need for Fundamental Research in Seismology 60- 129. Appendix 9. Report of the Panel on Seismic Improvement, U.S. State Department, Washington, DC. [Also in CWJWT I (1984) 309-357.]
[31] (1959). An introduction to the measurement of spectra. In Probability and Statistics: The Harald Cramér Volume (U. Grenander, ed.) 300-330. Almqvist and Wiksell, Stockholm. [Also in CWJWT I (1984) 359-395.]
Mathematical Reviews (MathSciNet):
MR109423
[32] (1961). Discussion, emphasizing the connection between analysis of variance and spectrum analysis, Technometrics 3 191-219. [Also in CWJWT I (1984) 397-435.]
Mathematical Reviews (MathSciNet):
MR125733
[33] (1961). Curves as parameters, and touch estimation. Proc. Fourth Berkeley Sy mp. Math. Statist. Probab. 1 681-694. Univ. California Press. [Also in CWJWT I (1984) 437-454.]
Mathematical Reviews (MathSciNet):
MR132677
[34] BOGERT, B. P., HEALY, M. J. R. and TUKEY, J. W. (1963). The quefrency alany sis of time series for echoes: cepstrum, pseudo-autocovariance, cross-cepstrum and saphe-cracking. In Proceedings of the Sy mposium on Time Series Analy sis (M. Rosenblatt, ed.) 209-243. Wiley, New York. [Also in CWJWT I (1984) 455-493.]
[35] (1963). What can data analysis and statistics offer today? In Ocean Wave Spectra: Proceedings of a Conference 347-350. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. [Also in CWJWT I (1984) 495-502.]
[36] (1963). Mathematics 596: An introduction to the frequency analysis of time series. [Also in CWJWT I (1984) 503-650.]
[37] COOLEY, J. W. and TUKEY, J. W. (1965). An algorithm for the machine calculation of complex Fourier series. Math. Comp. 19 297-301. [Also in CWJWT II (1985) 651-658.]
Mathematical Reviews (MathSciNet):
MR178586
[38] (1965). Data analysis and the frontiers of geophysics. Science 148 1283-1289. [Also in CWJWT II (1985) 659-675.]
[39] (1966). A practicing statistician looks at the transactions. IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory IT-12 87-91.
[40] (1966). Uses of numerical spectrum analysis in geophysics. Bull. Internat. Statist. Inst. 41 267- 307. [Also in CWJWT II (1985) 677-738.]
[41] HAUBRICH, R. A. and TUKEY, J. W. (1966). Spectrum analysis of geophysical data. In Proceedings of the IBM Scientific Computing Sy mposium on Environmental Sciences 115-128. IBM, Armonk, NY. [Also in CWJWT II (1985) 739-754.]
[42] BINGHAM, C. and TUKEY, J. W. (1966). Fourier methods in the frequency analysis of data. [Also in CWJWT II (1985) 755-780.]
[43] BINGHAM, C., GODFREY, M. D. and TUKEY, J. W. (1967). Modern techniques of power spectrum estimation. IEEE Transactions on Audio and Electroacoustics AU-15 56-66. [Also in CWJWT II (1985) 781-810.]
[44] (1968). An introduction to the calculations of numerical spectrum analysis. In Spectral Analy sis of Time Series (B. Harris, ed.) 25-46. Wiley, New York. [Also in CWJWT II (1985) 811-835.]
Mathematical Reviews (MathSciNet):
MR212977
[45] (1968). Proceedings of the workshop: Practical applications of the frequency approach to EEG analysis. In Advances in EEG Analy sis Suppl. 27 to Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 10-11. North-Holland, Amsterdam.
[46] (1970). First 1970 Scott lecture. [Also in CWJWT II (1985) 857-884.]
[47] (1970). Second 1970 Scott lecture. [Also in CWJWT II (1985) 885-914.]
[48] (1974). Nonlinear (nonsuperposable) methods for smoothing data. [Also in CWJWT II (1985) 837-855.]
[49] (1978). A data analyst's comments on a variety of points and issues. In Event-Related Brain Potentials in Man (E. Callaway, P. Tueting and S. H. Koslow, eds.) 139-154. Academic Press, New York. [Also in CWJWT II (1985) 915-934.]
[50] (1978). Comment on "A new approach to ARMA modeling," by H. L. Gray et al. Comm. Statist. B-Simulation Comput. 7 79-84. [Also in CWJWT II (1985) 935-937.]
Mathematical Reviews (MathSciNet):
MR513265
[51] (1978). Discussion of "Evidence for possible acute health effects of ambient air pollution from time series analysis: Methodological questions and some new results based on New York City daily mortality, 1963-1976," by H. Schimmel. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 54 1111-1112.
[52] (1978). Comments on "Seasonality: Causation, interpretation, and implications," by C. W. J. Granger. In Seasonal Analy sis of Economic Time Series (A. Zellner, ed.) 50-53. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. [Also in CWJWT II (1985) 939.]
[53] (1979). When should which spectrum approach be used? In Forecasting: Proceedings of the Institute of Statisticians Conference (O. D. Anderson, ed.). North-Holland, Amsterdam. [Also in CWJWT II (1985) 981-1000.]
[54] (1980). Can we predict where `time series' should go next? In Directions in Time Series (D. R. Brillinger and G. C. Tiao, eds.) 1-31. IMS, Hay ward, CA. [Also in CWJWT II (1985) 941-980.]
Mathematical Reviews (MathSciNet):
MR624646
[55] (1984). Sty les of spectrum analysis. In A Celebration in Geophysics and Oceanography-1982, in Honor of Walter Munk 100-103. Scripps Institute of Oceanography, Reference Series 84-5, La Jolla, CA. [Also in CWJWT II (1984) 1143-1153.]
[56] (1984). The Collected Works of John W. Tukey I. Time Series: 1949-1964. Wadsworth, Monterey, CA.
[57] (1985). The Collected Works of John W. Tukey II. Time Series: 1965-1984. Wadsworth, Monterey, CA.
[58] BRILLINGER, D. R. and TUKEY, J. W. (1985). Spectrum analysis in the presence of noise: Some issues and examples. [Also in CWJWT II (1985) 1001-1141.]
[59] (1986). Sunset salvo. Amer. Statist. 40 72-76. [Also in CWJWT IV (1986) 1003-1016.]
[60] (1992). Reflections. In New Directions in Time Series Analy sis, Part I (D. Brillinger, P. Caines, J. Geweke, E. Parzen, M. Rosenblatt and M. Taqqu, eds.) 387-389. Springer, New York.
BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA 94720-3860 E-MAIL: brill@stat.berkeley.edu