We establish a heavy-traffic limit theorem on convergence in distribution for the number of customers in a many-server queue when the number of servers tends to infinity. No critical loading condition is assumed. Generally, the limit process does not have trajectories in the Skorohod space. We give conditions for the convergence to hold in the topology of compact convergence. Some new results for an infinite server are also provided.
References
[1] Billingsley, P. (1999). Convergence of Probability Measures, 2nd ed. Wiley, New York.
[2] Borovkov, A. A. (1967). Limit laws for queueing processes in multichannel systems. Sibirsk. Mat. Ž. 8 983–1004.
Mathematical Reviews (MathSciNet):
MR222973
[3] Borovkov, A. A. (1980). Asimptoticheskie Metody v Teorii Massovogo Obsluzhivaniya. Nauka, Moscow.
Mathematical Reviews (MathSciNet):
MR570478
[4] Brémaud, P. (1981). Point Processes and Queues. Springer, New York.
Mathematical Reviews (MathSciNet):
MR636252
[5] Dellacherie, C. (1972). Capacités et Processus Stochastiques. Springer, Berlin.
Mathematical Reviews (MathSciNet):
MR448504
[6] Doob, J. L. (1984). Classical Potential Theory and Its Probabilistic Counterpart. Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften [Fundamental Principles of Mathematical Sciences] 262. Springer, New York.
Mathematical Reviews (MathSciNet):
MR731258
[7] Dudley, R. M. (1990). Nonlinear functionals of empirical measures and the bootstrap. In Probability in Banach Spaces, 7 (Oberwolfach, 1988). Progress in Probability 21 63–82. Birkhäuser, Boston, MA.
[8] Dudley, R. M. (1999). Uniform Central Limit Theorems. Cambridge Studies in Advanced Mathematics 63. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.
[9] Ethier, S. N. and Kurtz, T. G. (1986). Markov Processes. Wiley, New York.
Mathematical Reviews (MathSciNet):
MR838085
[10] Halfin, S. and Whitt, W. (1981). Heavy-traffic limits for queues with many exponential servers. Oper. Res. 29 567–588.
Mathematical Reviews (MathSciNet):
MR629195
[11] Ibragimov, I. A. and Rozanov, Y. A. (1978). Gaussian Random Processes. Applications of Mathematics 9. Springer, New York.
Mathematical Reviews (MathSciNet):
MR543837
[12] Jacod, J. and Shiryaev, A. N. (1987). Limit Theorems for Stochastic Processes. Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften [Fundamental Principles of Mathematical Sciences] 288. Springer, Berlin.
Mathematical Reviews (MathSciNet):
MR959133
[13] Jelenković, P., Mandelbaum, A. and Momčilović, P. (2004). Heavy traffic limits for queues with many deterministic servers. Queueing Syst. 47 53–69.
[14] Kaspi, H. and Ramanan, K. (2006). Fluid limits of many-server queues. Preprint.
[15] Krichagina, E. V. and Puhalskii, A. A. (1997). A heavy-traffic analysis of a closed queueing system with a GI/∞ service center. Queueing Systems Theory Appl. 25 235–280.
[16] Liptser, R. and Shiryayev, A. (1989). Theory of Martingales. Kluwer, Dordrecht.
[17] Louchard, G. (1988). Large finite population queueing systems. I. The infinite server model. Comm. Statist. Stochastic Models 4 473–505.
Mathematical Reviews (MathSciNet):
MR971602
[18] Mandelbaum, A. and Momcilovic, P. (2008). Queues with many servers: The virtual waiting-time process in the QED regime. Math. Oper. Res. 33 561–586.
[19] Pang, G., Talreja, R. and Whitt, W. (2007). Martingale proofs of many-server heavy-traffic limits for Markovian queues. Probab. Surv. 4 193–267.
[20] Puhalskii, A. (2001). Large Deviations and Idempotent Probability. Chapman & Hall/CRC Monographs and Surveys in Pure and Applied Mathematics 119. Chapman & Hall/CRC, Boca Raton, FL.
[21] Puhalskii, A. A. and Reiman, M. I. (2000). The multiclass GI/PH/N queue in the Halfin–Whitt regime. Adv. in Appl. Probab. 32 564–595.
[22] Reed, J. E. (2009). The G/GI/N queue in the Halfin–Whitt regime I: Infinite server queue system equations. Ann. Appl. Probab. 19 2211–2269.
[23] van der Vaart, A. W. and Wellner, J. A. (1996). Weak Convergence and Empirical Processes. Springer, New York.
[24] Whitt, W. (2002). Stochastic-Process Limits. Springer, New York.
[25] Whitt, W. (2005). Heavy-traffic limits for the G/H*2/n/m queue. Math. Oper. Res. 30 1–27.