Annales de l'Institut Henri Poincaré, Probabilités et Statistiques

Markovian perturbation, response and fluctuation dissipation theorem

Amir Dembo and Jean-Dominique Deuschel
Source: Ann. Inst. H. Poincaré Probab. Statist. Volume 46, Number 3 (2010), 822-852.

Abstract

We consider the Fluctuation Dissipation Theorem (FDT) of statistical physics from a mathematical perspective. We formalize the concept of “linear response function” in the general framework of Markov processes. We show that for processes out of equilibrium it depends not only on the given Markov process X(s) but also on the chosen perturbation of it. We characterize the set of all possible response functions for a given Markov process and show that at equilibrium they all satisfy the FDT. That is, if the initial measure ν is invariant for the given Markov semi-group, then for any pair of times s<t and nice functions f, g, the dissipation, that is, the derivative in s of the covariance of g(X(t)) and f(X(s)) equals the infinitesimal response at time t and direction g to any Markovian perturbation that alters the invariant measure of X(⋅) in the direction of f at time s. The same applies in the so-called FDT regime near equilibrium, i.e. in the limit s→∞ with ts fixed, provided X(s) converges in law to an invariant measure for its dynamics. We provide the response function of two generic Markovian perturbations which we then compare and contrast for pure jump processes on a discrete space, for finite-dimensional diffusion processes, and for stochastic spin systems.

Résumé

Nous considérons le théorème de fluctuation-dissipation de la mechanique statistique dans une approche mathématique. Nous donnons un concept formel de la réponse linéaire dans le cadre général de la théorie des processus de Markov. Nous démontrons que pour un processus hors d’équilibre celle ci dépend non seulement du processus de Markov X(s) mais aussi de la perturbation choisie. Nous charactérisons l’ensemble de toutes les réponses possibles pour un processus de Markov donné et démontrons qu’à l’équilibre elles satisfassent toutes le théorème de fluctuation-dissipation. C’est à dire, si une mesure ν est invariante pour un semigroupe markovien donné, alors pour tout temps s<t et functions régulières f, g, la dissipation, definie comme la dérivée en s de la covariance de g(X(t)) et de f(X(s)) est égale à la réponse infinitésimale au temps t en direction de g pour toute perturbation markovienne qui modifie la mesure invariante ν en direction de f au temps s. Ce résultat s’étend au régime proche de l’équilibre, c.-à.-d. dans la limite s→∞ avec ts fixe, en supposant que X(s) converge en loi vers sa mesure invariante. Nous donnons la réponse pour deux perturbations markoviennes génériques, que nous comparons ensuite pour des processus de sauts dans un espace discret, pour des diffusions à dimension finie et pour une dynamique stochastique de spins.

First Page: Show Hide
Primary Subjects: 60J25, 82C05
Secondary Subjects: 82C31, 60J75, 60J60, 60K35
Full-text: Access denied (no subscription detected)
We're sorry, but we are unable to provide you with the full text of this article because we are not able to identify you as a subscriber.
If you have a personal subscription to this journal, then please login. If you are already logged in, then you may need to update your profile to register your subscription. Read more about accessing full-text
Links and Identifiers

Permanent link to this document: http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.aihp/1281100400
Digital Object Identifier: doi:10.1214/10-AIHP370
Zentralblatt MATH identifier: 05795085
Mathematical Reviews number (MathSciNet): MR2682268

References

[1] D. Bakry and M. Emery. Diffusions hypercontractives. In Séminaire de probabilités XIX 179–206. Lecture Notes is Math. 1123. Springer, Berlin, 1985.
Mathematical Reviews (MathSciNet): MR889476
Zentralblatt MATH: 0561.60080
Digital Object Identifier: doi:10.1007/BFb0075847
[2] N. Bouleau and F. Hirsch. Dirichlet Forms and Analysis on Wiener Space. de Gruyter, New York, 1991.
Mathematical Reviews (MathSciNet): MR1133391
Zentralblatt MATH: 0748.60046
[3] J. D. Deuschel and D. W. Stroock. Large Deviations, Reprint edition. Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, RI, 2001.
[4] J. D. Deuschel and D. W. Stroock. Hypercontractivity and spectral gap of symmetric diffusions with applications to the stochastic Ising models. J. Funct. Anal. 92 (1990) 30–48.
Mathematical Reviews (MathSciNet): MR1064685
Zentralblatt MATH: 0705.60066
Digital Object Identifier: doi:10.1016/0022-1236(90)90066-T
[5] N. Dunford and J. T. Schwartz. Linear Operators, Part I: General Theory. Interscience, New York, 1958.
Mathematical Reviews (MathSciNet): MR1009162
Zentralblatt MATH: 0635.47001
[6] R. Durrett. Stochastic Calculus: A Practical Introduction. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1996.
Mathematical Reviews (MathSciNet): MR1398879
Zentralblatt MATH: 0856.60002
[7] J.-P. Eckmann and M. Hairer. Spectral properties of hypoelliptic operators. Comm. Math. Phys. 235 (2003) 233–257.
Mathematical Reviews (MathSciNet): MR1969727
Zentralblatt MATH: 1040.35016
Digital Object Identifier: doi:10.1007/s00220-003-0805-9
[8] A. Einstein. On the motion of small particles suspended in liquids at rest required by the molecular-kinetic theory of heat. Ann. Physics (Leipzig) 17 (1905) 549–560.
[9] M. Fukushima, Y. Oshima and M. Takeda. Dirichlet Forms and Symmetric Markov Processes. de Gruyter, New York, 1994.
Mathematical Reviews (MathSciNet): MR1303354
Zentralblatt MATH: 0838.31001
[10] J. A. Goldstein. Semigroups of Linear Operators and Applications. Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 1985.
Mathematical Reviews (MathSciNet): MR790497
[11] T. Hanney and M. R. Evans. Einstein relation for nonequilibrium steady states. J. Stat. Phys. 111 (2003) 1377–1390.
Mathematical Reviews (MathSciNet): MR1975934
Zentralblatt MATH: 1016.82032
Digital Object Identifier: doi:10.1023/A:1023068619793
[12] R. Holley and D. Stroock. Diffusions on the infinite dimensional torus. J. Funct. Anal. 42 (1981) 29–63.
Mathematical Reviews (MathSciNet): MR620579
Zentralblatt MATH: 0501.58039
Digital Object Identifier: doi:10.1016/0022-1236(81)90047-1
[13] L. Hörmander. Hypoelliptic second order differential equations. Acta Math. 119 (1967) 147–171.
Mathematical Reviews (MathSciNet): MR222474
Zentralblatt MATH: 0156.10701
Digital Object Identifier: doi:10.1007/BF02392081
[14] M. Ichiyanagi. Differential transport coefficients and the fluctuation-dissipation theorem for non-equilibrium steady states. Phys. A 201 (1993) 626–648.
Mathematical Reviews (MathSciNet): MR1255955
Digital Object Identifier: doi:10.1016/0378-4371(93)90133-O
[15] D.-Q. Jiang, M. Qian and M.-P. Qian. Mathematical Theory of Nonequilibrium Steady States. Lecture Notes in Math. 1833. Springer, New York, 2004.
Mathematical Reviews (MathSciNet): MR2034774
Zentralblatt MATH: 1096.82002
[16] R. Kubo. The fluctuation-dissipation theorem. Rep. Prog. Phys. 29 (1966) 255–284.
[17] R. Kubo, M. Toda and N. Hashitsume. Statistical Physics II, 2nd edition. Springer, Berlin, 1991.
Mathematical Reviews (MathSciNet): MR1295243
[18] S. Kusuoka and D.W. Stroock. Application of the Malliavin calculus, II. J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo IA Math. 32 (1985) 1–76.
Mathematical Reviews (MathSciNet): MR783181
[19] J. L. Lebowitz and H. Rost. The Einstein relation for the displacement of a test particle in a random environment. Stochastic Process. Appl. 54 (1994) 183–196.
Mathematical Reviews (MathSciNet): MR1307334
Zentralblatt MATH: 0812.60096
Digital Object Identifier: doi:10.1016/0304-4149(94)00015-8
[20] M. Loulakis. Mobility and Einstein relation for a tagged particle in asymmetric mean zero random walk with simple exclusion. Ann. Inst. H. Poincaré Probab. Statist. 41 (2005) 237–254.
Mathematical Reviews (MathSciNet): MR2124642
Zentralblatt MATH: 1108.60082
Digital Object Identifier: doi:10.1016/j.anihpb.2004.07.001
[21] Z.-M. Ma and M. Röckner. Introduction to the Theory of (Non-Symmetric) Dirichlet Forms. Springer, Berlin, 1991.
[22] H. Nyquist. Thermal agitation of electric charge in conductors. Phys. Rev. 32 (1928) 110–113.
[23] T. Shiga and A. Shimizu. Infinite dimensional stochastic differential equations and their applications. J. Math. Kyoto Univ. 20 (1980) 395–416.
Mathematical Reviews (MathSciNet): MR591802
Zentralblatt MATH: 0462.60061
Project Euclid: euclid.kjm/1250522207

2012 © Institut Henri Poincaré

Annales de l'Institut Henri Poincaré, Probabilités et Statistiques

Annales de l'Institut Henri Poincaré, Probabilités et Statistiques